Pope J, Redsell S, Houghton C, Matvienko-Sikar K. Healthcare professionals’ experiences and perceptions of providing support for mental health during the period from pregnancy to two years postpartum. Midwifery. 2023;118:103581.
Google Scholar
O’Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:379–407.
Google Scholar
Meltzer-Brody S, Howard LM, Bergink V, Vigod S, Jones I, Munk-Olsen T, Honikman S, Milgrom J. Postpartum psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18022.
Google Scholar
Zhang JY, Cui YX, Zhou YQ, Li YL. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on prenatal stress, anxiety and depression. Psychol Health Med. 2019;24(1):51–8.
Google Scholar
Obrochta CA, Chambers C, Bandoli G. Psychological distress in pregnancy and postpartum. Women Birth. 2020;33(6):583–91.
Google Scholar
Liu X, Wang S, Wang G. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2022;31(19–20):2665–77.
Google Scholar
Dennis CL, Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R. Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210(5):315–23.
Google Scholar
Yang L, Sun J, Nan Y, Waqas A, Nisar A, Wang D, Rahman A, Li X. Prevalence of perinatal anxiety and its determinants in Mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;323:193–203.
Google Scholar
Meili X, Sasa H, Ying H, Lijuan Z, Guanxiu T, Jun L. Prevalence of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder and its determinants in Mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2023;44:76–85.
Google Scholar
Leung F, Miljanic S, Fernandes V, Tabbara N, De Castro C, Burry L, Jorgensen SC. Eligibility and enrollment of pregnant and breastfeeding women in psychiatry randomized controlled trials. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2023;26(3):353–9.
Google Scholar
Yeaton-Massey A, Herrero T. Recognizing maternal mental health disorders: beyond postpartum depression. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;31(2):116–9.
Google Scholar
Fukui N, Watanabe Y, Motegi T, Hashijiri K, Ogawa M, Egawa J, Enomoto T, Someya T. Relationships among autistic traits, depression, anxiety, and maternal-infant bonding in postpartum women. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):463.
Google Scholar
Collardeau F, Corbyn B, Abramowitz J, Janssen PA, Woody S, Fairbrother N. Maternal unwanted and intrusive thoughts of infant-related harm, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in the perinatal period: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):94.
Google Scholar
Moran L, Sheehan JD, Roddy D, Duffy RM. Suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in an urban post-partum maternity setting: a retrospective cohort study. Ir J Psychol Med. 2023;40(4):566–70.
Google Scholar
Arditi-Arbel B, Hamdan S, Winterman M, Gvion Y. Suicidal ideation and behavior among perinatal women and their association with sleep disturbances, medical conditions, and known risk factors. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13: 987673.
Google Scholar
Schaffir J, Kunkler A, Lynch CD, Benedict J, Soma L, Doering A. Association between postpartum physical symptoms and mood. J Psychosom Res. 2018;107:33–7.
Google Scholar
Luxey X, Lemoine A, Dewinter G, Joshi GP, Le Ray C, Raeder J, Van de Velde M, Bonnet MP. Anesthesia pwgotesor, pain T: acute pain management after vaginal delivery with perineal tears or episiotomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025;50(6):503–13.
Calvert S, Fleming V. Minimizing postpartum pain: a review of research pertaining to perineal care in childbearing women. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32(2):407–15.
Google Scholar
Lu L, Shen Y. Postpartum pain and the risk of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2024;50(3):358–65.
Google Scholar
Makeen M, Farrell LM, LaSorda KR, Deng Y, Altamirano V, Jarvis O, Kenkre T, Lim G. Associations between postpartum pain, mood, and maternal-infant attachment and parenting outcomes. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):17814.
Google Scholar
Fonseca-Pedrero E. Network analysis: A new way of understanding psychopathology? Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed). 2017;10(4):206–15.
Borsboom D, Cramer AO. Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:91–121.
Google Scholar
Pemau A, de la Torre-Luque A, Marin-Martin C, Diaz-Marsa M, Andreo-Jover J, Ayad-Ahmed W, Bravo Ortiz MF, Bobes-Bascaran MT, Canal-Rivero M, Canosa Garcia I, et al. Symptomatic networks in suicide attempt and reattempt: relevance of psychiatric comorbidity. Eur Psychiatry. 2025;68(1): e4.
Google Scholar
Yang X, Fang Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Cai J, Li H, Chen Z. Multidimensional stressors and depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: a network analysis through simulations. J Affect Disord. 2024;347:364–74.
Google Scholar
Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782–6.
Google Scholar
Hong L, Le T, Lu Y, Shi X, Xiang L, Liu M, Zhang W, Zhou M, Wang J, Xu D, et al. Distinct trajectories of perinatal depression in Chinese women: application of latent growth mixture modelling. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):24.
Google Scholar
Lau Y, Wang Y, Yin L, Chan KS, Guo X. Validation of the mainland Chinese version of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale in Chengdu mothers. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(9):1139–51.
Google Scholar
Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335–43.
Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Lin R, Qiu A, Wu H, Wu S, Zhang L, Wu Z, Li M, Zhang X, Zhou J. Application of DASS-21 in Chinese students: invariance testing and network analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):2934.
Google Scholar
Nakic Rados S, Brekalo M, Matijas M. Measuring stress after childbirth: development and validation of the maternal postpartum stress scale. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2023;41(1):65–77.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Gao Q, Liu J, Zhang F, Xu X. Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the maternal postpartum stress scale. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1):685.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Gu J, Zhang F, Xu X. The effect of perceived social support on postpartum stress: the mediating roles of marital satisfaction and maternal postnatal attachment. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):482.
Google Scholar
Jones PJ, Mair P, McNally RJ. Visualizing psychological networks: a tutorial in R. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1742.
Google Scholar
Owczarek M, Nolan E, Shevlin M, Butter S, Karatzias T, McBride O, Murphy J, Vallieres F, Bentall R, Martinez A, et al. How is loneliness related to anxiety and depression: a population-based network analysis in the early lockdown period. Int J Psychol. 2022;57(5):585–96.
Google Scholar
Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50(1):195–212.
Google Scholar
Fox M, Sandman CA, Davis EP, Glynn LM. A longitudinal study of women’s depression symptom profiles during and after the postpartum phase. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(4):292–304.
Google Scholar
Schnakenberg P, Jo HG, Stickel S, Habel U, Eickhoff SB, Brodkin ES, Goecke TW, Votinov M, Chechko N. The early postpartum period – Differences between women with and without a history of depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;136:109–16.
Google Scholar
Deligiannidis KM, Fales CL, Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Shaffer SA, Villamarin V, Tan Y, Hall JE, Frederick BB, Sikoglu EM, Edden RA, et al. Resting-state functional connectivity, cortical GABA, and neuroactive steroids in peripartum and peripartum depressed women: a functional magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(3):546–54.
Google Scholar
Horakova A, Nemcova H, Mohr P, Sebela A. Structural, functional, and metabolic signatures of postpartum depression: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:1044995.
Google Scholar
Noble RE. Depression in women. Metabolism. 2005;54(5 Suppl 1):49–52.
Google Scholar
Yeniel AO, Petri E. Pregnancy, childbirth, and sexual function: perceptions and facts. Int Urogynecol J. 2014;25(1):5–14.
Google Scholar
Lorenz TK, Ramsdell EL, Brock RL. A close and supportive interparental bond during pregnancy predicts greater decline in sexual activity from pregnancy to postpartum: applying an evolutionary perspective. Front Psychol. 2019;10: 2974.
Google Scholar
Prifti C, Casas RS, Merriam S, Yecies E, Walsh JME. Update on therapies and treatments in women’s health. Med Clin North Am. 2024;108(5):871–80.
Google Scholar
Engel GL. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(5):535–44.
Google Scholar
Anderson MV, Rutherford MD. Cognitive reorganization during pregnancy and the postpartum period: an evolutionary perspective. Evol Psychol. 2012;10(4):659–87.
Google Scholar
Nettle D. Flexibility in reproductive timing in human females: integrating ultimate and proximate explanations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1563):357–65.
Google Scholar
Hahn-Holbrook J, Haselton M. Is postpartum depression a disease of modern civilization?? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2014;23(6):395–400.
Google Scholar
Dennis CL, Hodnett E. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD006116.
Schlagintweit HE, Bailey K, Rosen NO. A new baby in the bedroom: frequency and severity of postpartum sexual concerns and their associations with relationship satisfaction in new parent couples. J Sex Med. 2016;13(10):1455–65.
Google Scholar
Chandra N, Smitha MV. Functional status, social support, and anxiety among postnatal women of Eastern India. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2023;20: 100238.
Google Scholar
Demyttenaere K, Lenaerts H, Nijs P, Van Assche FA. Individual coping style and psychological attitudes during pregnancy and predict depression levels during pregnancy and during postpartum. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;91(2):95–102.
Google Scholar
Letourneau NL, Dennis CL, Benzies K, Duffett-Leger L, Stewart M, Tryphonopoulos PD, Este D, Watson W. Postpartum depression is a family affair: addressing the impact on mothers, fathers, and children. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2012;33(7):445–57.
Google Scholar
Meints SM, Edwards RR. Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87(Pt B):168–82.
Google Scholar
Martelli MF, Zasler ND, Bender MC, Nicholson K. Psychological, neuropsychological, and medical considerations in assessment and management of pain. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2004;19(1):10–28.
Google Scholar
Tavares IM, Nobre PJ, Heiman JR, Rosen NO. Longitudinal associations between mindfulness and changes to body image in first-time parent couples. Body Image. 2023;44:187–96.
Google Scholar
Hartley E, Hill B, McPhie S, Skouteris H. The associations between depressive and anxiety symptoms, body image, and weight in the first year postpartum: a rapid systematic review. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2018;36(1):81–101.
Google Scholar
Riesco-Gonzalez FJ, Antunez-Calvente I, Vazquez-Lara JM, Rodriguez-Diaz L, Palomo-Gomez R, Gomez-Salgado J, Garcia-Iglesias JJ, Parron-Carreno T, Fernandez-Carrasco FJ. Body image dissatisfaction as a risk factor for postpartum depression. Medicina (B Aires). 2022.
Dube S, Beaulieu N, Bergeron S, Lafontaine MF, Peloquin K, Brault-Labbe A, Gosselin P, Brassard A. Do perfectionism, body image concerns, and intimacy predict genitopelvic pain in the postpartum? A prospective study of new mothers. J Sex Med. 2024;21(6):566–72.
Google Scholar
Kim SJ, Seo JM. Effects of a maternal role adjustment program on first-time mothers. Korean J Women Health Nurs. 2018;24(3):322–32.
Google Scholar
Rosen NO, Pukall C. Comparing the prevalence, risk factors, and repercussions of postpartum genito-pelvic pain and dyspareunia. Sex Med Rev. 2016;4(2):126–35.
Google Scholar
MacKinnon AL, Yang L, Feeley N, Gold I, Hayton B, Zelkowitz P. Birth setting, labour experience, and postpartum psychological distress. Midwifery. 2017;50:110–6.
Google Scholar
Zhou Q, Chen H, Younger KM, Cassidy TM, Kearney JM. I was determined to breastfeed, and I always found a solution: successful experiences of exclusive breastfeeding among Chinese mothers in Ireland. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15(1): 47.
Google Scholar
link